Pest pataka

Pest pataka The place-name Pest pataka ‘stream of pešt’, whose first component aroused linguists’ interest long ago, had already occurred in a 1337 charter discussing the division of a possession to the north of the river Ipoly. The word peštъ, originating in the Proto-Slavic language, had double meanings in Old Bulgarian: ‘kiln’ or ‘cave’. The Hungarians borrowed both meanings from subjugated ethnic groups speaking a Bulgarian-type Slavic dialect in the Carpathian Basin, where they lived together. The place of the stream mentioned in the charter has not been identified yet. Many scholars believe that the first component of the name carries the meaning ‘kiln, lime-kiln’. Having examined the text of the charter as well as the geographical-geological features of the environment the author of the present paper claims that the stream got its name from a cave or a rock-cavity found near the source of the rivulet. During his fieldwork he even managed to find the stream as well as the actual rock-cavity next to its spring. The name of the brook in the Middle Ages thus meant ‘stream of cavity’. The identification of the place of the stream also reinforces the opinion that, in the Ipoly district, ethnic groups speaking a Bulgarian type Southern Slavic dialect lived together with Hungarian conquerors after the late-9th century

Noak helynevek és személynevek

Noak place and personal names     In the 13th–14th-century charters, several settlements or lands called Noah ~ Noach ~ Noak are listed from distinct parts of Hungary, of which the most frequently mentioned one, Noak in Gömör county is discussed in the present paper. Analysis of data appearing in charters and localization of relevant place names taken from inspections of landmarks have proved that this settlement was equivalent to (the territory of) the present-day village of Imola. Noak as a settlement name has its origin in the biblical personal name Noach, which in the Vulgate is given as Noe. In 11th–12th-century Hungary, as Christianity was spread mostly by German missionaries, Noah, the original form of the biblical Hebrew name, still in current use in German and English language areas, had become established. As a result of regular Hungarian sound changes, this finally survived as Noak. This form, not recognized by Hungarian priests educated on the basis of the Vulgate, later acquired an intrusive v and changed into Novák. This happened to be identical with the most frequent Hungarian family name of foreign origin, meaning ‘new man’ in the languages of the Slavic ethnic groups then living in the territory of Hungary

Az 1249. évi szalonnai határjárás és a félreolvasott Yrmeg, helyesen Yrmes potoka

The 1249 inspection of the landmarks of the estate named Szalonna and the misread Yrmeg, correctly Yrmes potoka (‘a stream where once grew Artemisia’)     From the 9th to the 13th centuries, the large estate known as Szalonna, situated on both sides of the river Bódva in northern Hungary, was jointly owned by three or four families descended from the first Hungarian settlers. In 1249, as a result of the Mongol invasion of 1241–1242, most owners on this piece of land, with the exception of Bailiff Miklós, decided to sell the estate. The sales contract defined all landmarks bordering the territory sold, including a stream on the eastern border. The hardly legible Latin charter was published in 1876; this edition gives the name of the relevant stream as Yrmeg, an obscure name of unknown origin. The author has checked the original manuscript and found that the correct spelling of the name is Yrmes; and that the name goes back to the Hungarian word üröm (‘Artemisia’), and identifies the characteristic plant that once grew on the stream’s banks. The denotatum of the name, however, has long remained unknown. Luckily, a present inhabitant of the village of Szalonna was able to recall which stream had been called Ürmös-patak by his grandfather. The author then carried out fieldwork and identified the stream successfully. Based on his experiences, the author clarifies the mid-13th-century possession history of the area, claiming that Bailiff Miklós must have kept scattered parts of the original estate: his wooded property lay on the western bank of the river Bódva, while his ploughed fields were situated east of the sold territory but inside the borders of the estate Szalonna

Perceptual models for high-refresh-rate rendering

Rendering realistic images requires substantial computational power. With new high-refresh-rate displays as well as the renaissance of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), one cannot expect that GPU performance will scale fast enough to meet the requirements of immersive photo-realistic rendering with current rendering techniques. In this dissertation, I follow the dual of the well-known computer vision approach: vision is inverse graphics: to improve graphical algorithms, I consider the operation of the human visual system. I propose to model and exploit the limitations of the visual system in the context of novel high-refresh-rate displays; specifically, I focus on spatio-temporal perception, a topic that has received remarkably less attention than spatial-only perception so far. I present three main contributions. First, I demonstrate the validity of the perceptual approach by presenting a conceptually simple rendering technique motivated by our eyes' limited sensitivity to high spatio-temporal change which reduces the rendering load and transmission requirement of current-generation VR headsets without introducing perceivable visual artefacts. Second, I present two visual models related to motion perception: (a) a metric for detecting flicker; and (b) a comprehensive visual model to predict perceived motion quality on monitors with arbitrary refresh rates and monitor resolutions. Third, I propose an adaptive rendering algorithm that utilises the proposed models. All algorithms operate on physical colorimetric units (instead of display-referenced pixel values), for which I provide the appropriate display measurements and models. All proposed algorithms and visual models are calibrated and validated with psychophysical experiments

Indium an efficient co-catalyst in novel Cu or Ni catalysts for selective reduction of biomass derived fatty acids to alcohols, in Indium: Properties, Technological Applications and Health Issues

Supported copper or especially nickel catalysts are very important for hydrogenation of various organic compounds in the practice. Activity, selectivity and stability can be greatly improved using co-catalysts: e.g. chromium compounds with Cu (Adkins catalyst for fatty alcohol production) or molybdenum compounds with Ni (for hydrodesulfurization [HDS], hydrodeoxygenation [HDO], hydrodenitrogenation [HDN], etc. catalysts in petroleum refining. Recently, we discovered novel highly efficient bimetallic supported catalysts which were exceedingly active and selective in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of octanoic acid to octanol at moderate pressure and temperature in addition very effective in reduction of acetic acid to ethanol. The catalysts contained indium as co-catalyst and a metal of high hydrogenation activity, such as, copper or nickel, on various support. A significant synergism can be observed when indium with another metal of hydrogenation activity is applied. Appearance of Cu2In or Ni2In phases, intermetallic compounds on the surface of metal particles results in significant increase of desired hydrogenation activity, i.e., in stepwise hydrogenation of carboxylic acids stopped at alcohol formation and in inhibiting hydrogenations when hydrodecarbonylation of carboxylic acids (loss of one carbon atom) and hydrogenolysis of hydrocarbon products (loss of further carbon atoms) proceed. Moreover, in presence of mobile indium atoms or of indium containing nano clusters mono- or bimolecular alcohol dehydration capability of the support is selectively poisoned. In order to have more information about the role of indium, experiments are carried out using quite different hydrogenation metals, Cu and Ni. Hydrogenation experiments are carried out with long chain fatty acid like octanoic acid for production of octyl alcohol and short chain acetic acid (produced in large amounts from biomass) for production of ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate or acetaldehyde. The main question is how the co-catalyst second metal of moderate hydrogenation activity as gallium, cadmium, tin, but first of all indium, modify the activity of the supported hydrogenation metal and the surface properties of the support